License to Gamble: Discursive Perspectives on the 2019 Reregulation of the Swedish Gambling Market
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29173/cgs157Keywords:
Gambling, privatisation, discourse analysis, Swedish gambling policy, gambling licensesAbstract
During the last decades, several European gambling markets have been reregulated. In 2019, it was Sweden’s turn; the former oligopoly was replaced by a licensing system. In this article, the governmental inquiry in which the new system was proposed, outlined, and justified is studied using discourse analysis. Medical, public health, and free market discourses have been shown to dominate articulations of gambling in several national contexts, but the ways in which these discourses interact, overlap, and differ are crucial to understand better in order to appreciate the production and legitimation of meanings around gambling. Moreover, the 2019 reregulation has not yet been studied from discursive perspectives; thus, the article makes both theoretical and empirical contributions. The article demonstrates that market and medical discourses structure the inquiry. While they sometimes overlap and merge, their co-existence also causes tensions, for instance regarding whether an increase in gambling is acceptable or not. The article points to a strengthening of market and medical discourses and a weakening of public health discussion within Swedish gambling debates.
References
Adams, P. (2016). Moral jeopardy: Risks of accepting money from the alcohol, tobacco and gambling industries. Cambridge University Press.
Alexius, S. (2017). Assigning responsibility for gambling-related harm: Scrutinizing processes of direct and indirect consumer responsibilization of gamblers in Sweden. Addiction Research & Theory, 25(6), 462–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2017.1321739.
Bacchi, C. L. (2009). Analysing policy: What’s the problem represented to be? Pearson.
Baxter, D. G., Nicoll, F., & Akçayir, M. (2021). Grey literature is a necessary facet in a critical approach to gambling research. In D. Farace & J. Frantzen (Eds.), Twentieth-second international conference on grey literature: Applications of grey literature for science and society, (pp. 125-134), National Research Council of Italy, - Online Conference 19 November 2020. https://doi.org/10.26069/greynet-2021-000.469-gg
Bergh, A. & Erlingsson, G. Ò. (2008). Liberalization without retrenchment: Understanding the consensus on Swedish welfare state reforms. Scandinavian Political Studies, 32(1), 71–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2008.00210.x
Blaszczynski, A., Collins, P. Fong, D. Ladouceur, R. Nower, L., Shaffer, H. J., Tavares, H. & Venisse, J. (2011). Responsible gambling: General principles and minimal requirements. Journal of Gambling Studies, 27, 565–573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10899-010-9214-0.
Borch, A. (2012). Gambling in the news and the revelation of market power: the case of Norway. International Gambling Studies, 12(1), 55–67. http://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2011.616907.
Borch, A. (2015). Problem gambling—a Lacanian Real. International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 4, 71–76. https://doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.197.
Borch, A. (2022). Channelling gambling: The case of Norway. In J. Nikkinen, V. Marionneau & M. Egerer (Eds.), The global gambling industry: Structures, tactics, and networks of impact (pp. 235–254). Springer.
Browne M., Bellringer M., Greer N., Kolandai-Matchett K., Rawat V., Langham E., Rockloff, M., Palmer du Preez, K. & Abbott, M. (2017). Measuring the burden of gambling harm in New Zealand. Gambling and Addictions Research Centre. https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/measuring_the_burden_of_gambling_harm_in_new_zealand.pdf.
Cisneros Örnberg, J. & Hettne, J. (2018). The future Swedish gambling market: Challenges in law and public policies. In M. Egerer, V. Marionneau & J. Nikkinen (Eds.), Gambling policies in European welfare states: Current challenges and future prospects (pp. 197–216). Springer.
Cisneros Örnberg, J. & Tammi, T. (2011). Gambling problems as a political framing—Safeguarding the monopolies in Finland and Sweden. Journal of Gambling Issues, 26, 110–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2011.26.8.
Cosgrave, J. & Klassen, T. R. (2001). Gambling against the State: The State and the legitimation of Gambling. Current Sociology, 49(5), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392101495002.
Edman, J. & Berndt, J. (2016). From boredom to dependence: The medicalisation of the Swedish gambling problem. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 33(1), 81–110. https://doi.org/10.1515/nsad-2016-0006.
Fiedler, I., Kairouz, S., Costes, J-M., & Weißmüller, K. S. (2019). Gambling spending and its concentration on problem gamblers. Journal of Business Research, 98, 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.01.040.
Hellman, M. (2017). Promoting vices: An introduction to research on the advertising of coercive products. With examples from research on alcohol, tobacco, sugary foods, and gambling. University of Helsinki.
Hettne, J. (2017). Spelet om spelintäkterna: Spellicensutredningen och EU-rätten. Europapolitisk Analys, 2017, 7epa, 1-16 http://www.sieps.se/publikationer/2017/spelet-om-spelintakterna--spellicensutredningen-och-eu-ratten-20177epa/.
Holborow, M. (2012). What is neoliberalism? Discourse, ideology and the real world. In D. Block, J. Gray, & M. Holborow (Eds.), Neoliberalism and applied linguistics (pp. 14–32). Routledge.
Humphreys, A. (2010). Semiotic structure and the legitimation of consumption practices: The case of casino gambling. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(3), 490–510. https://doi.org/10.1086/652464.
Ihrfors, R (2007). Spelfrossa: Spelets makt och maktens spel [Doctoral dissertation, Stockholm University].
Kingma, S. F. (2008). The liberalization and (re) regulation of Dutch gambling markets: National consequences of the changing European context. Regulation & Governance, 2(4), 445–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5991.2008.00045.x.
Korn, D., Gibbins, R., Azmier J. (2003). Framing public policy towards a public health paradigm for gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 19(2), 235–256. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1023685416816.
Laclau, E. & Mouffe, C. (2001). Hegemony and socialist strategy: Towards a radical democratic politics. (2. ed.) Verso.
Langham, E., Thorne, H., Brown, M., Donaldson, P., Rose, J., Rockloff, M. (2016). Understanding gambling related harm: A proposed definition, conceptual framework, and taxonomy of harms. BMC Public Health, 16(80), 1-23. https://doi.org./10.1186/s12889-016-2747-0.
Lindbom, A. (2002). Dismantling the social democratic welfare model? Has the Swedish welfare state lost its defining characteristics? Scandinavian Political Studies, 24(3), 171–193. https://doi.org./10.1111/1467-9477.00052.
Livingstone, C. & Woolley, R. (2007). Risky business: A few provocations on the regulation of electronic gaming machines. International Gambling Studies, 7(3), 361–376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14459790701601810.
Loer, K. (2018). Gambling and doing good? On the relationship between gambling regulations and welfare services in Germany. In M. Egerer, V. Marionneau & J. Nikkinen (Eds.), Gambling policies in European welfare states: Current challenges and future prospects (pp. 101–118). Springer.
Nicoll, F. (2019). Gambling in everyday life: Spaces, movements and products of enjoyment. Routledge.
Nikkinen, J., Egerer, M. & Marionneau, V. (2018). Introduction: Gambling regulations and the use of gambling revenues in European welfare states. In M. Egerer, V. Marionneau & J. Nikkinen (Eds.), Gambling policies in European welfare states: Current challenges and future prospects (pp. 1–14). Springer.
Norström, T., Miller, T., Holder, H., Österberg, E., Ramstedt, M., Rossow, I. & Stockwell, T. (2010). Potential consequences of replacing a retail alcohol monopoly with a private licence system: Results from Sweden. Addiction, 105(12), 2113–2119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03091.x.
Potter, J. & Wetherell, M. (1994). Analyzing discourse. In A. Bryman & B. Burgess (Eds.), Analyzing qualitative data (pp. 47–66). Routledge.
Productivity Commission. (2010). Gambling (Productivity Commission Inquiry Report no. 50, volume 1). Australian Government, Productivity Commission. https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/gambling-2010/report.
Reith, G. (2007). Gambling and the contradictions of consumption: A genealogy of the “pathological” subject. American Behavioral Scientist, 51(1), 33–55. https://doi.org./10.1177/0002764207304856.
Reith, G. (2008). Reflections on responsibility. Journal of Gambling Issues, 22, 149–155. https://doi.org./10.4309/jgi.2008.22.12.
Reith, G. & Wardle, H. (2022). The framing of gambling and the commercial determinants of harm: Challenges for regulation in the UK. In J. Nikkinen, V. Marionneau & M. Egerer (Eds.) The global gambling industry. Structures, tactics, and networks of impact (pp. 71–86). Springer.
Rolando, S. & Scavarda, A. (2018). Italian gambling regulation: Justifications and counter-arguments. In M. Egerer, V. Marionneau & J. Nikkinen (Eds.), Gambling policies in European welfare states: Current challenges and future prospects (pp. 37–57). Springer.
Rossow, I. (2019). The total consumption model applied to gambling: Empirical validity and implications for gambling policy. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 36(2), 66–76. https://doi.org./10.1177/1455072518794016.
Selin, J. (2022a). Parliamentary debates on gambling policies as political action: An interpretive political analysis. Critical Gambling Studies, 3(1), 24–34. https://doi.org/10.29173/cgs85.
Selin, J. (2022b). Politics of hesitance and the formation of ethical subjects through responsible gambling practices. Frontiers in Sociology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2022.1032752.
Selin, J., Hellman, M. & Lerkkanen, T. (2019). National market protectionist gambling policies in the European Union: The Finnish gambling monopoly merger as a case in point. Journal of Gambling Issues, 41, 147–167. http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2019.41.8.
SOU (2017a). En omreglerad spelmarknad. Betänkande av Spellicensutredningen, Del 1. https://www.regeringen.se/rattsliga-dokument/statens-offentliga-utredningar/2017/03/sou-201730/.
SOU (2017b). En omreglerad spelmarknad. Betänkande av Spellicensutredningen, Del 2. https://www.regeringen.se/rattsliga-dokument/statens-offentliga-utredningar/2017/03/sou-201730/.
Sulkunen, P. J. (2018). The public interest approach to gambling policy and research. In M. Egerer, V. Marionneau & J. Nikkinen (Eds.), Gambling policies in European welfare states: Current challenges and future prospects (pp. 275–296). Springer.
Walker, Ml. (1996). The medicalization of gambling as an ‘addiction’. In J. McMillen (Ed.) Gambling cultures: Studies in history and interpretation (pp. 204–221). Routledge.
van Schalkwyk, M., Hawkins, B. & Petticrew, M. (2022). The politics and fantasy of the gambling education discourse: An analysis of gambling industry-funded youth education programmes in the United Kingdom. SSM - Population Health, 18(101122), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101122.
Volberg, R. A. & Wray, M. (2007). Legal gambling and problem gambling as mechanisms of social domination? Some considerations for future research. American Behavioral Scientist, 51(1), 56–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764207304844.
Young, M. (2010). Gambling, capitalism and the state: Towards a new dialectic of the risk society? Journal of Consumer Culture, 10(2), 254–273. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469540510364593.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Klara Goedecke, Jessika Spångberg, Johan Svensson
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright of their work, with first publication rights granted to Critical Gambling Studies.