Why, by Whom and How?
Representations of gambling problems and their solutions in Swedish general administrative court cases
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29173/cgs208Keywords:
gambling problems, problematization, treatment, law, BacchiAbstract
To strengthen the right to support for people with gambling problems in Sweden, legislative changes were enacted in 2018. This study aims to critically examine how problems and solutions are represented in 69 appeals concerning gambling treatment within the general administrative court (2014–2022) and to assess how these representations have evolved following the legal amendments. The study employs Bacchi’s WPR approach to scrutinize court judgments. The results reveal that gambling problems are unequivocally recognized as severe issues requiring intervention, with both explicit and implicit notions of the problem rooted in the concept of loss of control. Prior to the legal amendments, rulings primarily focused on identifying the responsible actor for providing care, often framed within a medical discourse. Post-amendment, the focus shifted to how treatment needs should be met, emphasizing an evidence-based discourse. These varying representations produce discursive, subjectifying, and material consequences, significantly affecting access to different welfare interventions. The new legislation has solidified the responsibility of social services to provide treatment for gambling problems. However, as the study demonstrates, responsibilization of gamblers occurs not only in policy and treatment frameworks, but also within the court system.
References
Abbott, M., Romild, U., & Volberg, R. (2017). The prevalence, incidence, and gender and age-specific incidence of problem gambling: Results of the Swedish longitudinal gambling study (Swelogs). Addiction, 113(4), 699–707. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14083
Alexius, S. (2017). Assigning responsibility for gambling-related harm: scrutinizing processes of direct and indirect consumer responsibilization of gamblers in Sweden. Addiction Research & Theory, 25(6), 462–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2017.1321739
Bacchi, C. (2009). Analyzing Policy: What's the problem represented to be? Pearson.
Bacchi, C. & Goodwin, S. (2016). Poststructural Policy Analysis: A Guide to Practice. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-96134-4
Bijker, R., Booth, N., Merkouris, S. S., Dowling, N. A., & Rodda, S. N. (2022). Global prevalence of help-seeking for problem gambling: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction, 117(12), 2972–2985. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15952
Björk, A. (2018). Reconsidering critical appraisal in social work: choice, care and organization in real-time treatment decisions. Nordic Social Work Research, 9(1), 42–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/2156857X.2018.1475299
Burr, V. (2015). Social constructionism (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315715421
Dowling, N., Suomi, A., Jackson, A., Lavis, T., Patford, J., Cockman, S., Thomas, S., Bellringer, M., Koziol-Mclain, J., Battersby, M., Harvey, P., & Abbott, M. (2014). Problem gambling and intimate partner violence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 17(1), 43–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838014561269
Ds 2015:48. Förebyggande och behandling av spelmissbruk [Prevention and treatment of gambling problems]. https://www.regeringen.se/rattsliga-dokument/departementsserien-och-promemorior/2015/10/ds-201548/
Edman, J., & Berndt, J. (2017). From boredom to dependence: The medicalisation of the Swedish gambling problem. Nordic Studies on Alcohol & Drugs, 33(1), 81–110. https://doi.org/10.1515/nsad-2016-0006
Finegan, E. (2012). Discourses in the language of the law. In Handford, M., & Gee, J.P. (Eds.). (2012). The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis (1st ed.) (pp. 482–493). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203809068
Forsström, D. & Samuelsson, E. (2018). Utbud av stöd och behandling för spelproblem. En studie om utmaningar inför förtydligat ansvar i lagstiftningen. [Support and treatment for gambling problems. A study on the challenges of clarifying responsibility in the Swedish legislation.] Research Reports in Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, 2018:1. https://doi.org/10.17045/sthlmuni.6015458.v1
Forsström, D. & Samuelsson, E. (2020). Utbud av stöd och behandling för spelproblem. Uppföljning av förtydligat ansvar i lagstiftningen. [Support and treatment for gambling problems. A follow-up report of clarified responsibility in the Swedish legislation.] Research Reports in Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, 2020:1. https://doi.org/10.17045/sthlmuni.12497396
Fraser, S. (2016). Articulating addiction in alcohol and other drug policy: A multiverse of habits. International Journal of Drug Policy, 31, 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.10.014
Fridström Montoya, T. (Ed). (2022). Juridik för socialt arbete [Social Work Law] (4th ed.). Gleerups.
Håkansson, A., Karlsson, A. & Widinghoff, C. (2018). Primary and secondary diagnoses of gambling disorder and psychiatric comorbidity in the Swedish health care system—A nationwide register study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 426. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00426
Håkansson, A. & Widinghoff, C. (2020). Over-indebtedness and problem gambling in a general population sample of online gamblers. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00007
Hancock, L., & Smith, G. (2017). Critiquing the Reno Model I-IV international influence on regulators and governments (2004–2015) – the distorted reality of “responsible gambling”. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 15(6), 1151–1176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-017-9746-y
The Health and Social Care Inspectorate (2015). Tillsynsrapport. De viktigaste iakttagelserna inom tillsyn och tillståndsprövning verksamhetsåret 2015 [Inspection report. The most important observations within supervision and permit evaluation for the fiscal year 2015]. https://www.ivo.se/globalassets/dokument/publikationer/rapporter/rapporter-2016/tillsynsrapport-de-viktigaste-iakttagelserna-inom-tillsyn-och-tillstandsprovning-verksamhetsaret-2015-rapport.pdf
Heiskanen, M. & Egerer, M. (2018). The conceptualisation of problem gambling in social services. Nordic Social Work Research, 9(1), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/2156857X.2018.1426625
Hofmarcher, T., Romild, U., Spångberg, J., Persson, U., & Håkansson, A. (2020). The societal costs of problem gambling in Sweden. BMC Public Health 20, 1921. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-10008-9
Hydén, H. (2002). Rättssociologi som rättsvetenskap [Sociology of law as jurisprudence]. Studentlitteratur.
Järvinen, M., & Andersson, D. (2009). The making of the chronic addict. Substance Use & Misuse, 44(6), 865–885. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080802486103
Karlsson, A., & Håkansson, A. (2018). Gambling disorder, increased mortality, suicidality, and associated comorbidity: A longitudinal nationwide register study. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 1091–1099. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.112
Lancaster, K., Treloar, C., & Ritter, A. (2017). ‘Naloxone works’: The politics of knowledge in ‘evidence-based’ drug policy. Health, 21(3), 278–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459316688520
Livingstone, C., & Rintoul, A. (2020). Moving on from responsible gambling: A new discourse is needed to prevent and minimise harm from gambling. Public Health, 184, 107–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.03.018
Loy, J. K., Grüne, B., Braun, B., Samuelsson, E., & Kraus, L. (2018). Help-seeking behaviour of problem gamblers: a narrative review. SUCHT, 64(5–6), 259–272. https://doi.org/10.1024/0939-5911/a000560
Manthorpe, J., Norrie, C., & Bramley, S. (2018). Gambling-related harms and social work practice: Findings from a scoping review. Practice, 30(3), 187–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/09503153.2017.1404563
Moore, D., & Fraser, S. (2013). Producing the “problem” of addiction in drug treatment. Qualitative Health Research, 23(7), 916–923. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732313487027
National Board of Health and Welfare [NBHW] (2017). Socialtjänstens och hälso- och sjukvårdens ansvar vid spelmissbruk [Social services and healthcare responsibilities for gambling problems]. https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/publikationer/socialtjanstens-och-halso--och-sjukvardens-ansvar-vid-spelmissbruk--meddelandeblad-2017-10-32/
National Board of Health and Welfare [NBHW] (2018). Behandling av spelmissbruk och spelberoende [Treatment of gambling abuse and addiction]. https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/publikationer/behandling-av-spelmissbruk-och-spelberoende--kunskapsstod-med-rekommendationer-till-halso--och-sjukvarden-och-socialtjansten-2018-12-5/
National Board of Health and Welfare [NBHW] (2021). Handläggning och dokumentation – handbok för socialtjänsten [Administration and documentation – manual for social services]. https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/publikationer/handlaggning-och-dokumentation--handbok-for-socialtjansten-2021-12-7658/
Prop. 2016/17:85. Samverkan om vård, stöd och behandling mot spelmissbruk [Collaboration on care, support, and treatment for gambling problems]. https://www.regeringen.se/rattsliga-dokument/proposition/2017/02/prop.-20161785
Reith, G. (2007). Gambling and the contradictions of consumption. A genealogy of the “pathological” subject. American Behavioral Scientist, 51(1), 33–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764207304856
Reith, G. & Dobbie, F. (2012). Lost in the game: Narratives of addiction and identity in recovery from problem gambling. Addiction Research & Theory, 20(6), 511–521. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2012.672599
Roger, J. (2013). Problem gambling: A suitable case for social work? Practice, 25(1), 41–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/09503153.2013.775234
Rossol, J. (2001). The medicalization of deviance as an interactive achievement: The construction of compulsive gambling. Symbolic Interaction, 24(3), 315–341. https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2001.24.3.315
Sackett, D.L., Strauss, S.E., Richardson, W.S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R.B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone.
Samuelsson, E. & Cisneros Örnberg, J. (2022). Sense or sensibility – Ideological dilemmas in gamblers' notions of responsibilities for gambling problems. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 953673. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.953673
Seear, K., & Fraser, S. (2014). The addict as victim: Producing the ‘problem’ of addiction in Australian victims of crime compensation laws. International Journal of Drug Policy, 25(5), 826–835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.02.016
Selin, J. (2016). From self-regulation to regulation – An analysis of gambling policy reform in Finland. Addiction Research & Theory, 24(3), 199–208. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2015.1102894
SFS 2001:453. Socialtjänstlag [Social Services Act]. https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/socialtjanstlag-2001453_sfs-2001-453/
SFS 2017:30. Hälso- och sjukvårdslag [Health and Medical Services Act]. https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/halso-och-sjukvardslag-201730_sfs-2017-30/n
Stenius, K., & Storbjörk, J. (2021). When the organization is a problem: an empirical study of social work with substance use problems in more or less NPM-influenced Swedish municipalities. Nordic Social Work Research, 13(1), 36–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/2156857X.2021.1907613
Stoor, J.P.A., Eriksen, H.A. & Silviken, A.C. (2021). Mapping suicide prevention initiatives targeting Indigenous Sámi in Nordic countries. BMC Public Health, 21, 2035. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12111-x
Swedish Courts (2020, November 20) Supreme Administrative Court. https://www.domstol.se/other-languages/english/
Ringbom, T. (2022). Utvärdering av omregleringen av spelmarknaden [Evaluation of the reregulation of the gambling market]. The Swedish Agency for Public Management. https://www.statskontoret.se/publicerat/publikationer/publikationer-2022/utvardering-av-omregleringen-av-spelmarknaden--slutrapport/?publication=true
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Johanna Korfitsen, Eva Samuelsson, David Forsström, Jenny Cisneros Örnberg

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright of their work, with first publication rights granted to Critical Gambling Studies.


